{"id":3287,"date":"2023-09-12T17:58:20","date_gmt":"2023-09-12T15:58:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alessiasantoro.com\/?p=3287"},"modified":"2025-04-28T09:23:33","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T07:23:33","slug":"la-tossicologia-forense","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.alessiasantoro.com\/en\/la-tossicologia-forense\/","title":{"rendered":"Forensic Toxicology"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-stretch fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><p>Poisons, drugs, medications, and various toxic substances are often employed for criminal purposes, as evidenced by numerous cases of homicides by poisoning reported in both ancient and modern literature. However, the underdeveloped technology, the potential methods of administration, and the often generic symptoms have made it very difficult in the past to accurately determine the victim's cause of death. In fact, deaths were frequently attributed to other medical conditions, or, in case of a correct diagnosis of poisoning, were attributed to the victim's accidental consumption or voluntary consumption for suicidal purposes.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-carousel fusion-image-carousel-auto fusion-image-carousel-1\" style=\"margin-top:0.5%;margin-bottom:0.5%;\"><div class=\"awb-carousel awb-swiper awb-swiper-carousel awb-swiper-dots-position-bottom awb-carousel--carousel\" data-layout=\"carousel\" data-autoplay=\"yes\" data-autoplayspeed=\"2500\" data-autoplaypause=\"no\" data-columns=\"4\" data-itemmargin=\"3\" data-itemwidth=\"180\" data-touchscroll=\"no\" data-freemode=\"no\" data-imagesize=\"auto\" data-centeredslides=\"no\" data-rotationangle=\"50\" data-depth=\"100\" data-speed=\"500\" data-shadow=\"no\" style=\"--awb-columns:4;--awb-column-spacing:3px;\"><div class=\"swiper-wrapper awb-image-carousel-wrapper fusion-flex-align-items-center\"><div class=\"swiper-slide\"><div class=\"fusion-carousel-item-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-image-wrapper hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alessiasantoro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Oleandro-scaled-e1696239238145.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\"><div class=\"fusion-carousel-item-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-image-wrapper hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alessiasantoro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Pesce-palla-scaled-e1696239315285.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\"><div class=\"fusion-carousel-item-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-image-wrapper hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alessiasantoro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Amanita-scaled-e1696239345675.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><p>Medications, drugs, and pesticides are classified as synthetic toxic substances; natural ones, on the other hand, exhibit a wide variety:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>heavy metals, such as arsenic, mercury, and thallium<\/li>\n<li>radioactive elements<\/li>\n<li>toxic plants, such as hemlock, oleander, jimsonweed, and belladonna<\/li>\n<li>poisonous mushrooms, especially those belonging to the genus <em>Amanita<\/em>\u00a0(<em>Amanita virosa, Amanita phalloides <\/em>and<em> Amanita muscaria<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>animal toxins, such as tetrodotoxin in pufferfish and certain frogs and salamanders, as well as those found in box jellyfish, scorpions, spiders, and snakes<\/li>\n<li>the toxin that causes botulism, produced by the bacterium <em>Clostridium botulinum<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-carousel fusion-image-carousel-auto fusion-image-carousel-2\" style=\"margin-top:0.5%;margin-bottom:0.5%;\"><div class=\"awb-carousel awb-swiper awb-swiper-carousel awb-swiper-dots-position-bottom awb-carousel--carousel\" data-layout=\"carousel\" data-autoplay=\"yes\" data-autoplayspeed=\"2500\" data-autoplaypause=\"no\" data-columns=\"3\" data-itemmargin=\"3\" data-itemwidth=\"180\" data-touchscroll=\"no\" data-freemode=\"no\" data-imagesize=\"auto\" data-centeredslides=\"no\" data-rotationangle=\"50\" data-depth=\"100\" data-speed=\"500\" data-shadow=\"no\" style=\"--awb-columns:3;--awb-column-spacing:3px;\"><div class=\"swiper-wrapper awb-image-carousel-wrapper fusion-flex-align-items-center\"><div class=\"swiper-slide\"><div class=\"fusion-carousel-item-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-image-wrapper hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alessiasantoro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/pexels-edward-jenner-4032060-e1696239419299.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\"><div class=\"fusion-carousel-item-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-image-wrapper hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alessiasantoro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Pillole-scaled-e1696239445806.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\"><div class=\"fusion-carousel-item-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-image-wrapper hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alessiasantoro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Provette-scaled-e1696239471414.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><p>La tossicologia forense studia proprio gli effetti tossici che queste sostanze hanno sull&#8217;uomo, con lo scopo di determinare cause e responsabilit\u00e0 criminali. Sviluppatasi a partire dal XIX secolo con l&#8217;invenzione del <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alessiasantoro.com\/en\/il-test-di-marsh\/\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Test di Marsh<\/span><\/a>, questa disciplina si \u00e8 evoluta e oggi il tossicologo forense pu\u00f2 avvalersi delle pi\u00f9 moderne tecnologie nell&#8217;esaminare fluidi, tessuti e organi per determinare la presenza di sostanze tossiche e identificarle. A volte i sintomi della vittima, l&#8217;esame post mortem del patologo, cos\u00ec come eventuali effetti personali della vittima, possono suggerire la natura della sostanza in questione e le modalit\u00e0 di assunzione. Altre volte, invece, il tossicologo forense non ha alcun tipo di indicazione e svolge la sua analisi ricorrendo alla propria esperienza e alle proprie conoscenze, in particolare di come l&#8217;organismo umano altera e metabolizza queste sostanze (es. sarebbe inutile cercare l&#8217;eroina nel corpo umano, dal momento che la stessa viene subito metabolizzata in morfina). Il tossicologo forense utilizza varie tecniche di laboratorio (Gas cromatografia\/Spettrometria di massa) per identificare la sostanza, determinandone quantit\u00e0 e tossicit\u00e0, cos\u00ec da fornire agli investigatori un valido supporto probatorio.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\" style=\"--awb-border-size:1px;--awb-icon-size:13px;--awb-content-font-size:var(--awb-typography4-font-size);--awb-icon-alignment:left;--awb-hover-color:#f9f9f9;--awb-border-color:#e0dede;--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-divider-color:var(--awb-color3);--awb-divider-hover-color:var(--awb-color3);--awb-icon-color:#ffffff;--awb-title-color:var(--awb-color8);--awb-content-color:var(--awb-color8);--awb-icon-box-color:#333333;--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:#1a80b6;--awb-title-font-family:var(--awb-typography1-font-family);--awb-title-font-weight:var(--awb-typography1-font-weight);--awb-title-font-style:var(--awb-typography1-font-style);--awb-title-font-size:16px;--awb-title-letter-spacing:0.1px;--awb-title-line-height:1.4;--awb-content-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-content-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-content-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-boxed\" id=\"accordion-3287-1\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-ffcf1302da5b17a91 fusion-toggle-has-divider\" style=\"--awb-title-color:var(--awb-color8);\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_ffcf1302da5b17a91\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ffcf1302da5b17a91\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-3287-1\" data-target=\"#ffcf1302da5b17a91\" href=\"#ffcf1302da5b17a91\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Bibliography &amp; Sitography<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"ffcf1302da5b17a91\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_ffcf1302da5b17a91\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>Casiraghi Maurizio, De Eguileor Magda, Cerrano Carlo, Puce Stefania. <em>Zoologia<\/em>. UTET, 2018<br \/>\nEvert Ray F., Eichhorn Susan E. <em>La biologia delle piante di Raven<\/em>. Zanichelli, 2013<br \/>\nInnes Brian. <em>Serial Killer. Il lato oscuro della natura umana<\/em>. Quercus Editions Ltd, 2006<br \/>\nMinistero della Salute.<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salute.gov.it\/imgs\/C_17_pubblicazioni_2537_allegato.pdf\"> Le intossicazioni alimentari da tossine naturali: guida al riconoscimento e alla prevenzione<\/a>. 2016<br \/>\n<\/em>Saferstein Richard. <em><em>Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science.<\/em> Pearson Education Limited, 2015<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sharing-box fusion-sharing-box-1 boxed-icons has-taglines layout-floated layout-medium-floated layout-small-stacked\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;--awb-separator-border-color:#cccccc;--awb-separator-border-sizes:0px;--awb-alignment:center;--awb-layout:row;--awb-alignment-small:space-between;--awb-stacked-align-small:center;\" data-title=\"La tossicologia forense\" data-description=\"Veleni, droghe, farmaci e sostanze tossiche di varia natura vengono spesso utilizzati a scopo criminale, come testimoniano i numerosi casi di omicidio per avvelenamento riportati sia nella letteratura antica che in quella moderna. La tecnologia poco sviluppata, le possibili modalit\u00e0 di assunzione e i sintomi spesso generici hanno reso, per\u00f2, molto difficile in passato la\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.alessiasantoro.com\/en\/la-tossicologia-forense\/\"><div class=\"fusion-social-networks sharingbox-shortcode-icon-wrapper sharingbox-shortcode-icon-wrapper-1 boxed-icons\"><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alessiasantoro.com%2Fen%2Fla-tossicologia-forense%2F&amp;t=La%20tossicologia%20forense\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer\" title=\"Facebook\" aria-label=\"Facebook\" data-placement=\"bottom\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" data-title=\"Facebook\"><i class=\"fusion-social-network-icon fusion-tooltip fusion-facebook awb-icon-facebook\" style=\"color:#ffffff;background-color:#3b5998;border-color:#3b5998;border-radius:6px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/span><span><a 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